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Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years 1963-65, by Taylor Branch
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Amazon.com Review
Pillar of Fire is the second volume of Taylor Branch's magisterial three-volume history of America during the life of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Branch's thesis, as he explains in the introduction, is that "King's life is the best and most important metaphor for American history in the watershed postwar years," but this is not just a biography. Instead it is a work of history, with King at its focal point. The tumultuous years that Branch covers saw the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the beginnings of American disillusionment with the war in Vietnam, and, of course, the civil rights movement that King led, a movement that transformed America as the nation finally tried to live up to the ideals on which it was founded. Timeline of a Trilogy Taylor Branch's America in the King Years series is both a biography of Martin Luther King and a history of his age. No timeline can do justice to its wide cast of characters and its intricate web of incident, but here are some of the highlights, which might be useful as a scorecard to the trilogy's nearly 3,000 pages. King The King Years Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63 May: At age 25, King gives his first sermon as pastor-designate of Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. 1954 May: French surrender to Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu. Unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board outlaws segregated public education. December: Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public bus, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, which King is drafted to lead. 1955 October: King spends his first night in jail, following his participation in an Atlanta sit-in. 1960 February: Four students attempting to integrate a Greensboro, North Carolina, lunch counter spark a national sit-in movement.April: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee is founded.November: Election of President John F. Kennedy May: The Freedom Rides begin, drawing violent responses as they challenge segregation throughout the South. King supports the riders during an overnight siege in Montgomery. 1961 July: SNCC worker Bob Moses arrives for his first summer of voter registration in rural Mississippi.August: East German soldiers seal off West Berlin behind the Berlin Wall. March: J. Edgar Hoover authorizes the bugging of Stanley Levinson, King's closest white advisor. 1962 September: James Meredith integrates the University of Mississippi under massive federal protection. April: King, imprisoned for demonstrating in Birmingham, writes the "Letter from Birmingham Jail."May: Images of police violence against marching children in Birmingham rivet the country.August: King delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech before hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington.September: The Ku Klux Klan bombing of Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church kills four young girls. 1963 June: Mississippi NAACP leader Medgar Evers assassinated.November: President Kennedy assassinated. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-65 November: Lyndon Johnson, in his first speech before Congress as president, promises to push through Kennedy's proposed civil rights bill. March: King meets Malcolm X for the only time during Senate filibuster of civil rights legislation.June: King joins St. Augustine, Florida, movement after months of protests and Klan violence.October: King awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and campaigns for Johnson's reelection.November: Hoover calls King "the most notorious liar in the country" and the FBI sends King an anonymous "suicide package" containing scandalous surveillance tapes. 1964 January: Johnson announces his "War on Poverty."March: Malcolm X leaves the Nation of Islam following conflict with its leader, Elijah Muhammad.June: Hundreds of volunteers arrive in the South for SNCC's Freedom Summer, three of whom are soon murdered in Philadelphia, Mississippi.July: Johnson signs Civil Rights Act outlawing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.August: Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin resolution authorizing military force in Vietnam. Democratic National Convention rebuffs the request by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to be seated in favor of all-white state delegation.November: Johnson wins a landslide reelection. January: King's first visit to Selma, Alabama, where mass meetings and demonstrations will build through the winter. 1965 February: Malcolm X speaks in Selma in support of movement, three weeks before his assassination in New York by Nation of Islam members. At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-68 March: Voting rights movement in Selma peaks with "Bloody Sunday" police attacks and, two weeks later, a successful march of thousands to Montgomery.August: King rebuffed by Los Angeles officials when he attempts to advocate reforms after the Watts riots. March: First U.S. combat troops arrive in South Vietnam. Johnson's "We Shall Overcome" speech makes his most direct embrace of the civil rights movement.May: Vietnam "teach-in" protest in Berkeley attracts 30,000.June: Influential federal Moynihan Report describes the "pathologies" of black family structure.August: Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act. Five days later, the Watts riots begin in Los Angeles. January: King moves his family into a Chicago slum apartment to mark his first sustained movement in a Northern city.June: King and Stokely Carmichael continue James Meredith's March Against Fear after Meredith is shot and wounded. Carmichael gives his first "black power" speech.July: King's marches for fair housing in Chicago face bombs, bricks, and "white power" shouts. 1966 February: Operation Rolling Thunder, massive U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, begins.May: Stokely Carmichael wins the presidency of SNCC and quickly turns the organization away from nonviolence. October: National Organization for Women founded, modeled after black civil rights groups. April: King's speech against the Vietnam War at New York's Riverside Church raises a storm of criticismDecember: King announces plans for major campaign against poverty in Washington, D.C., for 1968. 1967 May: Huey Newton leads Black Panthers in armed demonstration in California state assembly.June: Johnson nominates former NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court.July: Riots in Newark and Detroit.October: Massive mobilization against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. March: King joins strike of Memphis sanitation workers.April: King gives his "Mountaintop" speech in Memphis. A day later, he is assassinated at the Lorraine Motel. 1968 January: In Tet Offensive, Communist guerillas stage a surprise coordinated attack across South Vietnam.March: Johnson cites divisions in the country over the war for his decision not to seek reelection in 1968.
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Review
Richard Bernstein The New York Times By the time you have finished [Pillar of Fire], you feel almost as if you have relieved the era, not just read about it.James Goodman The Boston Globe This is jet-propelled history.Jeff Shesol The Washington Post Politics and personalities, ambition and imagination, triumph and tragedy.David M. Shribman The Wall Street Journal One part biography, one part history, one part elegy...a vast panorama...powerful.Jon Meacham Newsweek Pillar of Fire is a magisterial history of one of the most tumultuous periods in postwar America. Branch's storytelling is strong, his storytelling colorful. Reading Branch, it is easier to see why even the most remarkable revolutions are never complete.Alan Wolfe The New York Times Book Review As he did in Parting the Waters, Branch brings to these events both a passion for their detail and a recognition of their larger historical significance.Scott Ellsworth The Oregonian Magnificent...the birth of a masterwork akin to Carl Sandburg's Lincoln or Shelby Foote's Civil War.Ray Jenkins The Baltimore Sun Branch has an uncanny ability to penetrate the most obscure nooks and crannies of the past to provide a whole new perpective on the Sixties...Bill Maxwell St. Petersburg Times Pillar of Fire, a history of symbiosis and epiphany, records King's vision and the disparate moral currents that forced America to redefine itslef in light of its failures to live up to its own principles of freedom.Trevor Coleman Detroit Free Press The strength of Pillar of Fire lies in Branch's unsurpassed ability to bring the reader into the moment, enabling one to almost feel the tension of the times.
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Product details
Series: America in the King Years
Paperback: 768 pages
Publisher: Simon & Schuster; 1St Edition edition (January 20, 1999)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0684848090
ISBN-13: 978-0684848099
Product Dimensions:
6.1 x 1.5 x 9.2 inches
Shipping Weight: 2.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.5 out of 5 stars
53 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#125,754 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
Today not everyone knows how hated Martin Luther King and the entire civil rights movement were. Practically all politicians pay lip service to King. There’s a national holiday, although people forget that it took strikes on that day by Black workers and then demonstrations to win that. Now that’s it’s been won, it’s often treated as another day off, not a day of struggle. Malcolm X was even more hated, but even he has become acceptable—Manning Marable’s book tries to present Malcolm X in the image of the author—an opportunistic social democrat. At least he admits that Malcolm X refused to support the Democratic (or Republican) Party.Taylor Branch writes quite accurately about Malcolm X in this volume, as his story becomes intertwined with the story of SNCC, and to some extent even Martin Luther King. All the biographies of Malcolm X have serious problems--I recommend two books which don’t pretend to be biographies but have a lot to say about him—Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary, and Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power. And then there are the books of his speeches from his last year, starting with Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements and By Any Means Necessary (Malcolm X Speeches and Writings) (Malcolm X speeches & writings).While a few sections of the book seemed a bit slow, for the most part Taylor Branch maintains the same high quality hard-to-put down excitement as in the first volume. He revisits the “Battle of Birmingham†again, from different points of view, and it’s wonderful, but for still more some readers may want to pick up Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution, another great account.Jim Crow segregation was smashed by a mass movement, but institutional racism remains, including segregation in housing, mass incarceration, likelihood of being arrested or shot dead by a cop while being unarmed, and so on. If the gap in earning levels has fallen, it's because the working class as a whole is being driven down, not because of gains Black workers have made. Equality in misery was obviously not the goal of those who marched for civil rights.Many liberals have convinced themselves that the election of Trump is because white workers who had twice voted for Obama suddenly became racist, I recommend The Clintons' Anti-Working-Class Record (Why Washington fears working people?). The working class has not become more racist; it is having second thoughts about the Democrats because of the world capitalist economic and social crisis. There were, I believe 201 counties where people who had twice voted for Obama voted for Trump. The fact that their lifespan is 20 years less than the US average seems far more relevant than their attitude toward Black people, which probably hasn’t changed. And the arrogant elitism of Hillary Clinton pushed them to vote for what they thought was “the lesser evil.â€But every strike, every demonstration against cop brutality or for abortion rights is more important than the personality contest that’s called an election. I also recommend Are They Rich Because They're Smart?: Class, Privilege and Learning Under Capitalism, and Is Socialist Revolution in the Us Possible?: A Necessary Debate Among Working People * * *There one minor error in the book, which should be corrected. Branch writes of “the white supremacist government, which was defying Britain’s grant of independence to the colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).†The problem really was that this colony declared a “unilateral declaration of independence†in 1965, to maintain white supremacy.
The second volume of Taylor Branch’s towering trilogy about Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights movement covers so many momentous events, such as the assassinations of John Kennedy and Malcolm X, the Mississippi Freedom Summer, King’s Nobel Prize, and America’s entry into Vietnam, that it is difficult to believe that it spans a mere two years that also witnessed the exodus of black America from the Republican party to the Democratic.King’s commitment to nonviolence in the face of overwhelming provocation is stunning. Branch often embeds events in an avalanche of detail about day-to-day goings-on that can be somewhat deadening but serves to make the point that there was no inevitability to the ultimate triumph of King. Throughout his career, he was beset by criticism, rivalry, and divisiveness from both within and without his ranks. The forces arrayed against him were formidable. This book is one more argument toward solidifying J. Edgar Hoover’s status as one of the great villains of modern American history, with his underhanded and unconstitutional persecution and surveillance of King, even, at one point, sinking to the depths of having evidence of his infidelities sent to him along with a message urging him to commit suicide. Lyndon Johnson emerges as a pivotal figure, ever mindful of political reality but favorable toward black suffrage in a way that Kennedy wasn’t.Writing in the early days of the Trump administration, I am reminded by this book that the most worrisome terrorists are the homegrown variety and encouraged by the precedent of citizens standing up to corrupt power and prevailing.
"Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-65" is the second volume of Taylor Branch's magisterial three-volume biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. First published in 1998, this masterful book picks up the story of King and the American civil rights movement right where "Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963" - the first volume of this trilogy - leaves off.By 1963, America is a nation in growing turmoil. Segregation of the races is still the law of the Deep South, and an unwritten code in much of the rest of the country. African Americans are deprived of basic rights in all aspects of their lives. They can't vote, and they are denied access to equal opportunities for employment, education, housing, economic advancement and the use of public facilities. There is a rising tide of discontent among African Americans; they are becoming less willing to remain silent in their demands for equality, and more willing to fight...During the two-year period covered in "Pillar of Fire," some of the most important battles for equal rights are fought at Birmingham, Alabama; Greenwood, Mississippi; St. Augustine, Florida; and other places throughout the United States. Branch points out that by this time, Martin Luther King, Jr. has become the de facto leader of America's civil rights movement. Although he holds no "official" leadership position, he is, in effect, the voice and face of equal rights for all people of color. This is mainly due to his courage in speaking out, his commitment to non-violent confrontation to achieve equal rights, and his willingness to endure physical dangers and hardships along with those who march for freedom and equality.In "Pillar of Fire," Martin Luther King, Jr. is once again presented as the flawed but noble hero at the center of the epic battle for civil rights. Like its predecessor, "Parting the Waters," this book is a fabulously written, highly detailed account of a man and an era. It's a perfect combination of a brilliant biography and a penetrating study of one the most disturbing but important periods of twentieth century American history. Most highly recommended.
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